Michael W. Davidson of the Florida State University: "Prostaglandins act in a manner similar to that of hormones, by stimulating target cells into action. However, they differ from hormones in that they act locally, near their site of synthesis, and they are metabolized very rapidly. Another unusual feature is that the same prostaglandins act differently in different tissues."
A series of chemical reactions in the cytosol of the cell in which a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid2 and two ATP’s molecules (the energy currency of living cells, storing and transferring energy produced in metabolic processes)
Code | Name | Type | Location And Role | Comments |
BB101 | Aldolase | enzyme | involved in 4th step in process of glycolysis | |
BB102 | CART/ Cocaine- and Amphetamine Related Transcript | neuropeptide | modulates the action of leptin5 and neuropeptide Y5 and so reduces appetite; cocaine and amphetamines stimulate its production | |
BB103 | Elastase | digestive enzyme | pancreas, activated from proelastase by trypsin4; turns peptides into proteins | |
BB104 | Enolase | enzyme | involved in 9th step in process of glycolysis | |
BB105 | Galanin | neuropeptide | inhibits release of acetylcholine2 and glutamic acid5; decreases excitability of spinal neurons; stimulates the appetite | may be involved in Alzheimer’s disease |
BB106 | Ghrelin | hormone | increases appetite; may be a hormonal link between stomach, hypothalamus and pituitary and so regulate energy balance; regulates growth hormone secretions; may signal to the hypothalamus when an increase in metabolic efficiency is necessary | blood levels are elevated in anorexics and return to normal after partial weight recovery |
BB107 | Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase | enzyme | involved in 6th step in process of glycolysis | |
BB108 | Hexocinase | enzyme | involved in 1st step in process of glycolysis | |
BB109 | Melatonin | hormone | secreted by pineal gland; may inhibit reproductive activities and promote sleep; regulation of body’s biological clock | |
BB110 | Neuromedin B | neuropeptide | present in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract; binds to corticotropin releasing factor receptors; involved in smooth muscle contraction, blood pressure, blood glucose, body temperature and cell growth; suppresses the appetite | |
BB111 | 2-Phenylethylamine/ PEA/ β-Phenethylamine | neuro-hormone | chemical which plays a critical role in the limbic system known to give a feeling of bliss | 60% of depressed patients have a PEA deficit; a natural ingredient in chocolate; MAOI anti-depressants increase concentrations of this in the brain |
BB112 | Phosphoglucose Isomerase | enzyme | involved in 2nd step in process of glycolysis | |
BB113 | Phospho-Fructokinase | enzyme | involved in 3rd step in process of glycolysis | |
BB114 | Prostaglandin A1/ PGA1 | | relaxes the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, acting as powerful vasodilators and so lowering blood pressure | may protect against peptic ulcers |
BB115 | Prostaglandin D2/ PGD2 | | stimulates inflammation | |
BB116 | Prostaglandin E1/ PGE1 | | dilates blood vessels and so reduces blood pressure | seems to be elevated in manic-depressive disorders; used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in men |
BB117 | Prostaglandin E2/ PGE2 | | promotes platelet adhesiveness; promotes sodium retention; promotes inflammation; widens airways; stimulates contraction of uterus; protects against peptic ulcers; acts on adenylate cyclase5 to enhance the production of cyclic AMP2 | used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in men |
BB118 | Prostaglandin F2/ PGF2 | | stimulates contraction of uterus; narrows airways | |
BB119 | Prostaglandin I2/ PGI2 | | reduces platelet stickiness | women who develop pre-eclampsia have low levels of this |
BB120 | Purine | | used in the process producing proteins; converts the energy produced by the oxidation of food molecules to a form which the cell can use to satisfy its energy needs; involved in nerve conduction and muscle contraction; rids cells of excess nitrogen; protects the cell from cancer-causing agents | increased levels raise the levels of uric acid in the blood and cause gout |
BB121 | Pyruvate Kinase | enzyme | involved in 10th step in process of glycolysis | |
BB122 | Serine | amino acid | can be made in human body from glycine5; used to make substances such as choline, phospholids, phosphotidylserine; present in all cell membranes ; plays a key role in membrane stability | |
BB123 | Triosephosphate Isomerase | enzyme | involved in 5th step in process of glycolysis | |
BB124 | Uric Acid | | waste product of the breakdown of nucleic acid in cells; formed primarily in the liver and excreted by the kidney into the urine | over-production leads to uric acid crystal deposits in the joints (gout); low levels in people with multiple sclerosis |
BB125 | Urocortin | neuropeptide | inhibits appetite | |
