Code | Name | Type | Location And Role | Comments |
BB26 | Acetone / Dimethyl ketone / 2-propanone / Beta-ketopropane | | produced primarily during excessive fat metabolism, although some levels present in virtually every organ and tissue, and the blood contains some acetone | occurs naturally in plants, trees, volcanic gases and forest fires. Present in vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, and landfill sites; also manufactured and used widely in industry as a solvent in paints and lacquers and for cellulose plastics |
BB27 | Adenosine | neurotransmitter | affects central nervous system and peripheral nervous system; constituent of ATP and ADP | may be involved with asthma; stimulatory effect of tea and coffee because inhibit adenosine |
BB28 | Adenylate Cyclase | enzyme | converts ATP into cAMP2 within the cell | |
BB29 | Albumin/ Albumen | protein | produced by liver; most abundant (54%) and smallest of plasma proteins; regulates osmotic pressure of plasma and therefore fluid retention; carrier for metals, ions, fatty acids, amino acids, bilirubin2, enzymes and drugs – prevents them being filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in urine | |
BB30 | Antithrombin III | anti-coagulant | blocks action of clotting agents (factors XII, XI, IX, X and II) | |
BB31 | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide /ANP/ Atriopeptin | hormone | produced in upper chambers of heart; increases excretion of sodium in urine; increases urine output and decreases blood volume; causes blood vessels to dilate; inhibits aldosterone1 production and lowers blood pressure | children with congenital heart disease have high levels of ANP |
BB32 | Calcitriol | hormone | aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus; secreted by kidneys; it is the active hormonal form of vitamin D | |
BB33 | Cortisol/ Hydrocortisone | hormone | the principal glucocorticoid1; increases blood glucose levels by increasing cellular utilization of proteins and fats as energy sources thus conserving glucose; stimulates liver cells to produce glucose from amino acids and fats; secretion controlled by ACTH1 from anterior pituitary; counteracts the inflammatory response | also used as a drug for inflammatory or allergic conditions |
BB34 | Endothelin-1 | | found in brain, intestines, kidneys and heart; most potent vasoconstrictor known; regulates salt transport in intestine | may be implicated in migraine; increased levels in diabetic and non-diabetic coronary artery disease; increased levels in micro-vascular angina |
BB35 | ß-Estradiol/ 17ß-Estradiol | hormone | synthesized from cholesterol in ovaries; predominant oestrogen hormone in non-pregnant women; promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures; increases protein anabolism; lowers blood cholesterol; moderate levels inhibit release of the hormones GnRH, FSH1 and LH1 | |
BB36 | Estriol | hormone | one of the oestrogen hormones; promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures; increases protein anabolism; lowers blood cholesterol; moderate levels inhibit release of the hormones GnRH, FSH1 and LH1 | |
BB37 | Estrone | hormone | one of the oestrogen hormones; promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures; increases protein anabolism; lowers blood cholesterol; moderate levels inhibit release of the hormones GnRH, FSH1 and LH1 | |
BB38 | Gamma-aminobutyrate acid/GABA | amino acid and neurotransmitter | most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter; blocks noradrenaline1 and dopamine2 | deficiencies found in hypertension and seizures; a target for anti-anxiety drugs |
BB39 | Gamma Globulin | protein | approximately 38% of blood plasma proteins; carrier for antibodies and so has a role in infection and allergies | given as an injection to prevent viral hepatitis |
BB40 | Glucagon | hormone | raises blood sugar levels by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, converting other nutrients into glucose in the liver, and releasing glucose into the blood – opposes the action of insulin1; may stimulate the secretion of water and electrolytes by the mucosa of small intestine | given by injection in the emergency treatment of people with diabetes mellitus who are unconscious as a result of hypoglycaemia |
BB41 | Glutamic Acid/ Glutamate | amino acid and neurotransmitter | can be manufactured by the body; precursor of proline, ornithine3, arginine3 and polyamines; a stimulatory neurotransmitter; can be converted in body into GABA; nearly all excitatory neurons in the CNS and possibly half of the synapses in the brain communicate via glutamate; visual adaptation to light and dark | many epileptics have increased levels of glutamic acid; part of the acute reaction to withdrawal from drug addiction includes increase production of glutamate |
BB42 | Glycine | Amino acid and neurotransmitter | can be synthesized from other amino acids (serine and threonine3); acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter; assists in manufacture of DNA, glycerol, phospholipids, collagen, glutathione3 and cholesterol2 conjugates; essential for one of key liver detoxification pathways; stimulates secretion of glucagons; in spinal cord (inhibitory action) and in retina | Parkinson’s disease; low levels often found in manic-depressives and epileptics; people with motor neurone disease may have impaired glycine metabolism |
BB43 | Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRP) | hormone | secreted by hypothalamus; stimulates release of LH1 and FSH1 | |
BB44 | Leptin | hormone | released by fat cells as they synthesize triglycerides; reduces appetite; ; believed to inhibit neuropeptide Y; role in central control of bone mass and so possibly osteoporosis; onset of puberty; believed to have an immune system role through support of helper T cells | non-insulin dependent diabetes, high blood pressure |
BB45 | Neuropeptide Y | peptide | present in many parts of the brain and autonomic nervous system; enhances effect of norepinephrine1; stimulates appetite; causes increased storage of ingested food as fat; regulation of circadian rhythms, sexual functioning, anxiety and stress response, peripheral vascular resistance and contractility of heart; reduces energy expenditure: high circulating levels with severe exercise | a gene in roundworms (closely related to the neuropeptide Y receptor gene in humans) increases social contact and interaction; research is being carried out to produce a drug for epilepsy based on this |
BB46 | Neurotensin | neuropeptide | release stimulated by fatty acids; inhibits gastrointestinal motility and increases ileal blood flow; regulation of LH1 and prolactin1; blocks stimulation of acid and pepsin by the vagus nerve | low levels may be involved in schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease |
BB47 | Somatostatin | hormone | | this was inadvertently included twice in two different test kits; it has now been removed from this kit and can be found in the hormone kit (H13) |
BB47a | Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase / PTP1B | protein | inhibits signaling of leptin and insulin1; may explain resistance to leptin and insulin | likely to be important in obesity and type 2 diabetes; drug research now being carried out to find drugs to inhibit PTP1B |
BB48 | Thyroxine/ Tetraiodothyronine/ T4 | hormone | converted into T31; growth and normal development; increase rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates; enhance protein synthesis; stimulate nervous system | |
BB49 | 3,3’,5’-Triiodothyronine/ Reverse T3 | hormone | Reverse T3 and T31 are secreted in an inverse relationship allowing the thyroid to adjust the amount of thyroid activity; blocks the action of T31 by binding with the receptor sites | acute and chronic diseases and malnutrition also shift the T31 balance to Reverse T3 |
BB50 | Val-Pro- Asp-Pro-Arg | peptide | appetite suppressant in rats | |
